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- <text id=90TT0952>
- <link 93HT1249>
- <link 93AC0369>
- <link 90TT2844>
- <title>
- Apr. 16, 1990: Can We Really Understand Matter?
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Apr. 16, 1990 Colossal Colliders:Smash!
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 57
- Can We Really Understand Matter?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>By Eugene Linden
- </p>
- <p> Few tasks are more daunting than standing in the path of a
- charging theoretical physicist who is hell-bent on getting
- funding for the next particle accelerator. As practitioners of
- the hardest of the hard sciences, physicists do little to
- discourage their aura of intellectual supremacy, particularly
- when suggesting to Congress that a grand synthesis of all the
- forces of nature is at hand if the Government will only cough
- up a few billion dollars more. But what if this confidence is
- misplaced? What if the barriers to knowledge are higher than
- many physicists like to admit?
- </p>
- <p> For much of this century, scientists have known that the
- comfortable solidity of things begins to break down at the
- subatomic level. Like the Hindu veil of Maya, the palette from
- which nature paints atoms proves illusory when approached. From
- afar, this world appears neatly separated into waves and
- particles, but close scrutiny reveals indescribable objects
- that have characteristics of both.
- </p>
- <p> Physicists have prospered in this quirky realm, but neither
- physics nor the rest of science has fully digested its
- implications. Inside the atom is a world of perpetual
- uncertainty in which particle behavior can be expressed only
- as a set of probabilities, and reality exists only in the eyes
- of the observer. Though the recognition of this uncertainty
- grew in part out of Albert Einstein's work, the idea bothered
- him immensely. "God does not play dice with the universe," he
- remarked.
- </p>
- <p> The set of mathematical tools developed to explore the
- subatomic world is called quantum mechanics. The theory works
- amazingly well in predicting the behavior of quarks, leptons
- and the like, but it defies common sense, and its equations
- imply the existence of phenomena that seem impossible. For
- instance, under special circumstances, quantum theory predicts
- that a change in an object in one place can instantly produce
- a change in a related object somewhere else--even on the
- other side of the universe.
- </p>
- <p> Over the years, this seeming paradox has been stated in
- various ways, but its most familiar form involves the behavior
- of photons, the basic units of light. When two photons are
- emitted by a particular light source and given a certain
- polarization (which can be thought of as a type of
- orientation), quantum theory holds that the two photons will
- always share that orientation. But what if an observer altered
- the polarization of one photon once it was in flight? In
- theory, that event would also instantaneously change the
- polarization of the other photon, even if it was light-years
- away. The very idea violates ordinary logic and strains the
- traditional laws of physics.
- </p>
- <p> The two-photon puzzle was nothing more than a matter of
- speculation until 1964, when an Irish theoretical physicist
- named John Stewart Bell restated the problem as a simple
- mathematical proposition. A young physicist named John Clauser
- came upon Bell's theorem and realized that it opened the door
- to testing the two-photon problem in an experiment. Like
- Einstein, Clauser was bothered by the seemingly absurd
- implications of quantum mechanics. Says Clauser, now a research
- physicist at the University of California, Berkeley: "I had an
- opportunity to devise a test and see whether nature would
- choose quantum mechanics or reality as we know it." In his
- experiment, Clauser, assisted by Stuart Freedman, found a way
- of firing photons in opposite directions and selectively
- changing their polarization.
- </p>
- <p> The outcome was clear: a change in one photon did alter the
- polarization of the other. In other words, nature chose quantum
- mechanics, showing that the two related photons could not be
- considered separate objects, but rather remained connected in
- some mysterious way. This experiment, argues physicist Henry
- Stapp of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, imposes new limits on
- what can be established about the nature of matter by proving
- that experiments can be influenced by events elsewhere in the
- universe.
- </p>
- <p> Clauser's work pointed out once again that the rules of
- quantum mechanics do not mesh well with the laws of Newton and
- Einstein. But most physicists do not see the apparent disparity
- to be a major practical problem. Classical laws work perfectly
- well in explaining phenomena in the visible world--the motion
- of a planet or the trajectory of a curveball--and quantum
- theory does just as well when restricted to describing
- subatomic events like the flight of an electron.
- </p>
- <p> Yet a small band of physicists, including Clauser and Stapp,
- are disturbed by their profession's priorities, believing that
- the anomalies of quantum theory deserve much more
- investigation. Instead of chasing ever smaller particles with
- ever larger accelerators, some of these critics assert, physics
- should be moving in the opposite direction. Specifically,
- science needs to find out whether the elusiveness of the
- quantum world applies to objects larger than subatomic
- particles.
- </p>
- <p> No one worries about the relevance of quantum mechanics to
- the momentum of a charging elephant. But there are events on
- the border between the visible and the invisible in which
- quantum effects could conceivably come into play. Possible
- examples: biochemical reactions and the firing of neurons in
- the brain. Stapp, Clauser and others believe that a better
- understanding of how quantum theory applies to atoms and
- molecules might help in everything from artificial-intelligence
- research to building improved gyroscopes. For now, though,
- this boundary area is a theoretical no-man's-land. Certainly
- physicists are a lot further from understanding how the world
- works than some would have Congress believe.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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-